Vitamin B2/Riboflavin

Quick Details:

Product Name

Vitamin B2

Other Names

7,8-Dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine ,B Complex Vitamin, Complexe de

Vitamines B, Flavin, Flavine, Lactoflavin, Lactoflavine,

CAS No

83-88-5

MF

C17H20N4O6

Purity

85%-98%

MW

376.37 g·mol−1

Appearance

Orange crystals

Function

used for preventing low levels of riboflavin ;

Other uses include increasing energy levels

Riboflavin is a B vitamin. It can be found in certain foods such as milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. Riboflavin is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex products. Vitamin B complex generally includes vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), and folic acid. However, some products do not contain all of these ingredients and some may include others, such as biotin, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), choline bitartrate, and inositol.

Riboflavin is used for preventing low levels of riboflavin (riboflavin deficiency), cervical cancer, and migraine headaches. It is also used for treating riboflavin deficiency,acne, muscle cramps, burning feet syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, and blood disorders such as congenital methemoglobinemia and red blood cell aplasia. Some people use riboflavin for eye conditions including eye fatigue, cataracts, andglaucoma.

Other uses include increasing energy levels; boosting immune system function; maintaining healthy hair, skin, mucous membranes, and nails; slowing aging; boosting athletic performance; promoting healthy reproductive function; canker sores;memory loss, including Alzheimer's disease; ulcers; burns; alcoholism; liverdisease; sickle cellanemia; and treating lactic acidosis brought on by treatment with a class of AIDS medications called NRTI drugs.

Medical Use

The active forms Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) function as cofactors for a variety of flavoproteine enzyme reactions:

· Flavoproteins of electron transport chain, including FMN in Complex Iand FAD in Complex II

· FAD is required for the production of pyridoxic acid from pyridoxal (vitamin B6) by pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase

· The primary coenzyme form of vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) is FMN dependent

· Oxidation of pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain amino acids requires FAD in the shared E3 portion of their respective dehydrogenase complexes

· Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase requires FAD in fatty acid oxidation

· FAD is required to convert retinol (vitamin A) to retinoic acid via cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase

· Synthesis of an active form of folate (5-methyltetrahydrofolate) from5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate by Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is FADH2 dependent

· FAD is required to convert tryptophan to niacin (vitamin B3)

· Reduction of the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form (GSH) by Glutathione reductase is FAD dependent

For the molecular mechanism of action see main articles Flavin mononucleotide(FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

USES

· Preventing and treating riboflavin deficiency and conditions related to riboflavin deficiency.

· Cataracts, an eye disorder. People who eat more riboflavin as part of their diet seems to have a lower risk of developing cataracts. Also, taking supplements containing riboflavin plus niacin seems to help prevent cataracts.

· High amounts of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). Some people are unable to convert the chemical homocysteine into the amino acid methionine. People with this condition, especially those with low riboflavin levels, have high amounts of homocysteine in the blood. Taking riboflavin for 12 weeks seems to reduce homocysteine levels by up to 40% in some people with this condition. Also, certain antiseizure drugs can increase homocysteine in the blood. Taking riboflavin along with folic acid and pyridoxine seems to lower homocysteine levels by 26% in people with high homocysteine levels due to antiseizure drugs.

· Migraine headaches. Taking high-dose riboflavin (400 mg/day) seems to significantly reduce the number of migraine headache attacks. However, taking riboflavin does not appear to reduce the amount of pain or the amount of time a migraine headache lasts. Also, taking lower doses of riboflavin (200 mg/day) does not seem to reduce the number of migraine headache attacks.

Possibly Ineffective for:

· Stomach cancer. Taking riboflavin along with niacin does not seem to help prevent gastric cancer.

· Malnutrition caused by too little protein in the diet (kwashiorkor). Some research suggests that taking riboflavin, vitamin E, selenium, and N-acetyl cysteine does not reduce the buildup of fluid in the tissues, increase height or weight, or reduce infections in children at risk for kwashiorkor.

· Lung cancer. Taking riboflavin along with niacin does not seem to help prevent lung cancer.

· Malaria. Taking riboflavin along with iron, thiamine, and vitamin C does not seem to reduce the number or severity of malaria infections in children at risk of being exposed to malaria.

· High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia). Taking riboflavin beginning at about 4 months gestation does not seem to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia.

Side Effects

Riboflavin is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth. In some people, riboflavin can cause the urine to turn a yellow-orange color. When taken in high doses, riboflavin might cause diarrhea, an increase in urine, and other side effects.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

· Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Riboflavin is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant or breast-feeding women when taken in the amounts recommended. The recommended amounts are 1.4 mg per day for pregnant women and 1.6 mg per day in breast-feeding women. Riboflavin is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth in larger doses, short-term. Some research shows that riboflavin is safe when taken at a dose of 15 mg once every 2 weeks for 10 weeks.
Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Billary obstruction:

· Riboflavin absorption is decreased in people with these conditions.

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